aspice軟件開發(fā)組織架構(gòu)(ASPI組織全稱)
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本文目錄一覽:
- 1、工作筆記ASPICE VDA Guideline解讀(19):SUP.8 配置管理
- 2、工作筆記 ?ASPICE?VDA?Guideline解讀(20):MAN.3?項(xiàng)目管理
- 3、工作筆記 aspice基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
- 4、ASPICE 汽車軟件過程改進(jìn)及能力評(píng)定
工作筆記ASPICE VDA Guideline解讀(19):SUP.8 配置管理
配置管理過程的目的是建立和維護(hù)過程或項(xiàng)目的所有工作產(chǎn)品的完整性。
什么是“工作產(chǎn)品的完整性”呢?
下圖是"SWAD(軟件架構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì))"工作產(chǎn)品的創(chuàng)建和維護(hù)過程,其每一次變更(如:從Baselined 1.0 -- Baselined 2.0)是可控的,其相關(guān)聯(lián)的上下游基線是明確的。這樣就可以說保證了"SWAD(軟件架構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì))"的完整性。
1) 配置管理策略
ASPICE模型要求
SUP.8.BP1: 制定配置管理策略 / Develop a configuration management strategy
制定配置管理策略,包括:/ Develop a configuration management strategy, including
職責(zé) / responsibilities
工具和配置庫(kù) / tools and repositories
配置項(xiàng)(識(shí)別的)準(zhǔn)則 / criteria for configuration items
命名規(guī)約 / naming conventions
訪問權(quán)限 / access rights
基線準(zhǔn)則 / criteria for baselines
合并和分支策略 / merge and branch strategy
配置項(xiàng)的修訂歷史方式 / the revision history approach for configuration items
配置管理策略包括:
a) 配置管理的范圍需覆蓋項(xiàng)目中的各學(xué)科(如:軟件、硬件)、各地點(diǎn)、各過程(如管理過程、支持過程、工程過程等)
b) 制定整體策略,覆蓋各學(xué)科、各過程及各地點(diǎn)等
c) 定義訪問權(quán)限
d) 根據(jù)項(xiàng)目的復(fù)雜度定義所需的活動(dòng)和工具
e) 定義配置項(xiàng)的識(shí)別準(zhǔn)則及命名規(guī)約
f) 定義配置項(xiàng)的修訂條件
g) 定義基線策略
h) 定義Variant及分支策略
i) 定義配置項(xiàng)變更歷史的方式
[SUP.8.RL.1] If the strategy does not include all aspects above, the indicator BP1 must not be rated F.
老楊解讀:如果策略中沒有包括上述的各點(diǎn),則BP1不能判定為F。
[SUP.8.RL.2] If there is no dedicated configuration management system defined in the strategy but the procedure is adequate for the complexity of the product to be developed this must not be used to downrate the indicator BP1.
老楊解讀:如果沒有專門的配置管理系統(tǒng),但所建立的配置管理程序是滿足產(chǎn)品復(fù)雜度的,則不能基于此來降低BP1的打分。
[SUP.8.RL.3] If major configuration management aspects (according to d) or e)) are missing in the strategy the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果配置管理的主要方面(如上述的d)或e))是缺失的,則BP1的打分不能高于P
[SUP.8.RL.4] If major baselining aspects (according to g)) are missing in the strategy the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果策略中缺少主要的基線方面的考慮(上述的g)),則BP1的打分不能高于P。
[SUP.8.RL.5] If major branching and merging aspects (according to h)) are missing in the strategy the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果策略中缺少主要的分支和合并方面的考慮(上述的h)),則BP1的打分不能高于P。
[SUP.8.RC.1] If there is only an adequate generic strategy but no project specific implementation, the indicator BP1 should not be down-rated.
老楊解讀:如果有一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)耐ㄓ貌呗?,而沒有為項(xiàng)目定義特定的策略,那么BP1的打分不應(yīng)該被降低。
(2) 基線
ASPICE模型要求
SUP.8.BP6: 建立基線 / Establish baselines
根據(jù)配置管理策略建立基線,以滿足內(nèi)部目的和外部交付
Establish baselines for internal purposes and for external delivery according to the configuration management strategy
SUP.8.BP8: 驗(yàn)證配置項(xiàng)的信息 / Verify the information about configured items
驗(yàn)證配置項(xiàng)及其基線的信息是否完整,并確?;€的一致性。
Verify that the information about configured items, and their baselines is complete and ensure the consistency of baselines.
基線需要:
a) 定義基線中所包括的配置項(xiàng)
b) 根據(jù)策略創(chuàng)建必要的內(nèi)外部基線
c) 創(chuàng)建跨不同學(xué)科、地點(diǎn)和過程的整體基線,并保證其之間的一致性
d) 基線中應(yīng)包括再現(xiàn)工作產(chǎn)品的完整和一致的配置項(xiàng)集合
e) 根據(jù)策略中定義的命名規(guī)范創(chuàng)建基線
[SUP.8.RL.6] If it is not defined for each kind of baseline which configuration items are to be controlled, the indicator BP6 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果基線中沒有識(shí)別出所有的需要被控制的配置項(xiàng),則BP6的打分不能高于P。
[SUP.8.RL.7] If established baselines for different disciplines, sites, processes etc. (according to c) are not consistent or if overall baselines do not exist, the indicator BP6 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果創(chuàng)建的跨不同學(xué)科、地點(diǎn)和過程的整體基線(上述的c))之間是不一致的,或不存在,則應(yīng)降低BP6的打分。
[SUP.8.RL.8] If content of a baseline is not verified (by e.g., a baseline or configuration management audit), the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果基線的內(nèi)容未進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證,則應(yīng)降低BP8的打分。
[SUP.8.RC.2] If the defined naming convention for baselines is not used, the indicator BP6 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果未使用已定義的命名規(guī)范,則應(yīng)降低BP6的打分。
(3) 分支與合并
ASPICE模型要求
SUP.8.BP4: 建立分支管理 / Establish branch management
根據(jù)配置管理策略建立分支管理,分支管理適用于使用同一基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行并行開發(fā)時(shí)
Establish branch management according to the configuration management strategy where applicable for parallel developments that use the same base.
SUP.8.BP8: 驗(yàn)證配置項(xiàng)的信息 / Verify the information about configured items
驗(yàn)證配置項(xiàng)及其基線的信息是否完整,并確保基線的一致性。
Verify that the information about configured items, and their baselines is complete and ensure the consistency of baselines.
[SUP.8.RL.9] If branches are not created according to the strategy, the indicator BP4 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果未基于策略創(chuàng)建分支,則應(yīng)降低BP4的打分。
[SUP.8.RL.10] If consistency and completeness of merged items or sets of items is not ensured, the indicator BP8 must not be rated F.
老楊解讀:如果不能確保合并項(xiàng)的一致性和完全性,則BP8的打分不能是F。
(4) 配置管理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施
ASPICE模型要求
SUP.8.BP3: 建立配置管理系統(tǒng) / Establish a configuration management system
根據(jù)配置管理策略建立配置管理系統(tǒng)
Establish a configuration management system according to the configuration management strategy
SUP.8.BP9: 管理配置項(xiàng)和基線的存儲(chǔ) / Manage the storage of configuration items and baselines
通過適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)度和資源存儲(chǔ)保證配置項(xiàng)和基線的完整性和可用性,對(duì)使用的CM系統(tǒng)歸檔(長(zhǎng)期保存)和備份
Ensure the integrity and availability of configuration items and baselines through appropriate scheduling and resourcing of storage, archiving (long term storage) and backup of the used CM systems.
配置管理基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施需要:
a) 支持策略中定義的配置管理程序,包括訪問權(quán)限
b) 適合于已定義的復(fù)雜度,包括適用于多地、項(xiàng)目規(guī)模、多項(xiàng)目或多變體應(yīng)用等。
c) 了解所用的IT服務(wù)(如:文件共享、工具等)屬性,比如存儲(chǔ)、歸檔、備份,并與項(xiàng)目需求進(jìn)行比較。識(shí)別差異并采取糾正措施
[SUP.8.RL.11] If the established infrastructure is not able to support the procedures (according to a)) or the complexity (according to b)), the indicator BP3 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果已建立的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施不能支持配置管理程序(上述的a)),或項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜度(上述的b)),則應(yīng)降低BP3的打分。
[SUP.8.RL.12] If there is no dedicated configuration management system in place but the established procedure is adequate for the complexity of the product to be developed this must not be used to downrate the indicator BP3.
老楊解讀:如果沒有專門的配置管理系統(tǒng),但所建立的配置管理程序是滿足產(chǎn)品復(fù)雜度的,則不能基于此來降低BP3的打分。
[SUP.8.RL.13] If properties of used IT services are not known, or known but in case of deviations from project requirements no corrective actions are established, the indicator BP9 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果IT服務(wù)的情況是未知的,或存在偏差但無糾正措施,則應(yīng)降低BP9的打分。
工作筆記 ?ASPICE?VDA?Guideline解讀(20):MAN.3?項(xiàng)目管理
項(xiàng)目管理過程的目的是在項(xiàng)目需求和約束的背景下, 識(shí)別、建立和控制項(xiàng)目生成產(chǎn)品所必需的活動(dòng)和資源。
簡(jiǎn)單來說是指:通過對(duì)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施所必要活動(dòng)(必要活動(dòng)能保證輸出質(zhì)量) 和 資源(人力資源、設(shè)備資源等)的管理,使項(xiàng)目能達(dá)成既定的項(xiàng)目目標(biāo),如時(shí)間目標(biāo)、質(zhì)量目標(biāo)、成本目標(biāo)等。
接下來我們來看一下VDA Guideline中的相關(guān)規(guī)則:
(1) 工作范圍
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP1: 定義工作范圍 / Define the scope of work
確定項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)、動(dòng)機(jī)和邊界
Identify the project's goals, motivation and boundaries.
項(xiàng)目的工作范圍包括項(xiàng)目范圍和產(chǎn)品范圍;項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容、邊界、限制、項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)等。
[MAN.3.RL.1] If the scope of work (BP1) is a product description only, the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果工作范圍僅僅是產(chǎn)品描述,則BP1的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RC.1] If the scope of work (BP1) does not address the responsibilities of all affected parties regarding the project and product, the indicator BP1 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果工作范圍沒有考慮所有項(xiàng)目和產(chǎn)品的相關(guān)方的責(zé)任劃分,則BP1的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.2] If the scope of work (BP1) is not appropriately documented at project start, the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果工作范圍沒有在項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)文檔化,則BP1的打分不能高于L。
(2) 承諾
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP1: 定義工作范圍 / Define the scope of work
確定項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)、動(dòng)機(jī)和邊界
Identify the project's goals, motivation and boundaries.
MAN.3.BP3: 評(píng)估項(xiàng)目的可行性 / Evaluate feasibility of the project
在時(shí)間、項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和可用資源范圍內(nèi),在技術(shù)限制的范圍內(nèi),評(píng)估實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的可行性。
Evaluate the feasibility of achieving the goals of the project in terms of technical feasibility within constraints with respect to time, project estimates, and available resources.
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界,定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源,并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi),項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RC.2] If the commitment is not fulfilled by delaying the timeline of the project or by cancelling functionality etc., the indicators BP1 and BP3 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果未能通過延遲項(xiàng)目時(shí)間或取消功能等方式履行承諾,則BP1和BP3的打分不應(yīng)高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.3] If the commitment is not fulfilled by delaying the timeline of the project or by cancelling functionality etc., the indicator BP5 and BP8 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果未能通過延遲項(xiàng)目時(shí)間或取消功能等方式履行承諾,則BP5和BP8的打分不應(yīng)高于L。
注:與相關(guān)方達(dá)成一致后的項(xiàng)目交付時(shí)間延遲或功能取消是可以的。
(3) 活動(dòng)定義
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估,定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源,并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi),項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RC.3] If the activities are not described with input and output artifacts, the indicator BP4 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果活動(dòng)定義中未包括輸入和輸出,則BP4的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.4] If the dependencies between activities are not identified, the indicator BP4 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果未識(shí)別活動(dòng)之間的依賴關(guān)系,則BP4的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RC.5] If the work packages are too big (e.g. longer than the update cycle for the schedule), the indicator BP8 should be down-rated.
老楊解讀:如果工作包的顆粒度太大(如:大于Schedule的更新周期),則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
注:Schedule中Work Package的顆粒度需要小于項(xiàng)目的監(jiān)控周期(如:周),如果存在特殊的Case,無法拆分,則也不能超過2個(gè)項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控周期。
(4) 工作量和資源估計(jì)
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界,定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
[MAN.3.RC.6] If the estimation method used is not comprehensible, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果使用的估計(jì)方法是不可理解的,則BP5的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.7] If the estimates are too high level, e.g. based on high-level packages rather than on actual activities, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果估計(jì)的顆粒度太高,如:基于高層次的工作包,而不是基于實(shí)際的活動(dòng),則BP5的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.8] If there are not sufficient resources to cover the estimated effort, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果缺少足夠的資源來滿足預(yù)計(jì)的工作量,則BP5的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.9] If the resources are sufficient to cover the estimates but a monitoring of actual effort versus the estimates is missing, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果有足夠的資源來滿足預(yù)計(jì)的工作量,但是缺少對(duì)工作量的監(jiān)控,則BP5的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RC.10] If the rationale for the estimates is missing, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果缺失估計(jì)的必要理由,則BP5的打分不能高于L。
(5) 變更請(qǐng)求和問題解決(缺陷解決)的估計(jì)
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP2: 定義項(xiàng)目的生命周期 / Define project life cycle
定義項(xiàng)目的生命周期,與項(xiàng)目的范圍、上下文、量級(jí)和復(fù)雜程度相適應(yīng)。
Define the life cycle for the project, which is appropriate to the scope, context, magnitude and complexity of the project.
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估,定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界,定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源,并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi),項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RC.11] If the definition of activities, effort and resource estimation, and the preparation of schedule(s) do not sufficiently reflect expectable change requests and problem resolution, the indicators BP4, BP5 and BP8 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果在活動(dòng)定義、工作量和資源估計(jì)、制定進(jìn)度表等方面沒有充分反映對(duì)變更請(qǐng)求或缺陷解決方面的考慮,則BP4, BP5, BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RC.12] If the project lifecycle does not contain phases that allow for addressing change requests and problem resolution, the indicator BP2 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果項(xiàng)目生命周期中未考慮處理變更請(qǐng)求和缺陷解決的階段,那么應(yīng)該降低BP2的打分。
(6) 進(jìn)度與跟蹤
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估,定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界,定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP7: 識(shí)別、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目的接口和承諾 / Identify, monitor and adjust project interfaces and agreed commitments
項(xiàng)目與其它(子)項(xiàng)目、組織單元和其它受影響的利益相關(guān)者的接口,需要確定并達(dá)成一致,并監(jiān)督已商定的承諾。
Identify and agree interfaces of the project with other (sub-) projects, organizational units and other affected stakeholders and monitor agreed commitments.
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源,并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi),項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
MAN.3.BP9: 確保一致性 / Ensure consistency
確保項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃的各部分之間的一致性,包括:項(xiàng)目估計(jì)、人員技能、活動(dòng)、日程安排、相關(guān)方之間的接口和承諾。
Ensure that estimates, skills, activities, schedules, plans, interfaces, and commitments for the project are consistent across affected parties
MAN.3.BP10: 項(xiàng)目評(píng)審和項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展報(bào)告 / Review and report progress of the project
定期評(píng)審和向所有相關(guān)方報(bào)告項(xiàng)目狀態(tài),關(guān)于項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)在預(yù)計(jì)的工作量和日程上的達(dá)成情況。防止發(fā)現(xiàn)問題再次發(fā)生。
Regularly review and report the status of the project and the fulfillment of activities against estimated effort and duration to all affected parties. Prevent recurrence of problems identified.
[MAN.3.RC.13] If action items or corrective actions are not properly tracked to closure, the corresponding indicators BP4, BP5, BP7, BP8 and/or BP10 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果行動(dòng)項(xiàng)或糾正措施沒有恰當(dāng)?shù)母欀敝陵P(guān)閉,相應(yīng)的BP4, BP5, BP7及BP10的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RL.4] If the schedule is not based on the defined activities (BP4) and estimations (BP5), the indicators BP8 and BP9 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果Schedule沒有基于已定義的活動(dòng)(BP4)和估計(jì)(BP5),則BP8和BP9的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.5] If the schedule does not contain all of the following:
a start and end date,
duration,
degree of fulfillment (for monitoring purposes),
resources,
dependencies
the indicator BP8 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果Schedule中沒有包括:開始和結(jié)束時(shí)間、持續(xù)時(shí)間、進(jìn)展完成情況、資源、依賴,則BP8的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.6] If any of the following:
start and end date,
effort,
degree of fulfillment
is missing, the indicator BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果缺失"開始和結(jié)束時(shí)間"、"工作量"和"進(jìn)展完成情況",則BP8的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.7] If the schedule is changed without a documented reason, or the change is not documented, the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果Schedule發(fā)生了變更但缺少文檔化的原因,或變更沒有被記錄,則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RL.8] If the degree of activity fulfillment as tracked in the schedule is not up to date (at least biweekly depending on the project scope and release plan), the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果活動(dòng)的進(jìn)展沒有在Schedule中及時(shí)更新,則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RL.9] If the critical path in a schedule is not determined, the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果未確定Schedule中的關(guān)鍵路徑,則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
(7) 項(xiàng)目實(shí)際進(jìn)展
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP10: 項(xiàng)目評(píng)審和項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展報(bào)告 / Review and report progress of the project
定期評(píng)審和向所有相關(guān)方報(bào)告項(xiàng)目狀態(tài),關(guān)于項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)在預(yù)計(jì)的工作量和日程上的達(dá)成情況。防止發(fā)現(xiàn)問題再次發(fā)生。
Regularly review and report the status of the project and the fulfillment of activities against estimated effort and duration to all affected parties. Prevent recurrence of problems identified.
[MAN.3.RL.10] If monitoring does not assess the correlation of actual consumption of resources, meeting of deadlines and fulfillment of activities (i.e. progress of content), the indicator BP10 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果在項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控時(shí),沒有考慮資源的實(shí)際消耗、最后期限的滿足和活動(dòng)的完成(即內(nèi)容的進(jìn)度)之間的相關(guān)性,則BP10的打分不能高于P。
(8) 發(fā)布管理
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估,定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP7: 識(shí)別、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目的接口和承諾 / Identify, monitor and adjust project interfaces and agreed commitments
項(xiàng)目與其它(子)項(xiàng)目、組織單元和其它受影響的利益相關(guān)者的接口,需要確定并達(dá)成一致,并監(jiān)督已商定的承諾。
Identify and agree interfaces of the project with other (sub-) projects, organizational units and other affected stakeholders and monitor agreed commitments.
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源,并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi),項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RL.11] If product release recipients are not considered as stakeholders, the indicator BP7 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果產(chǎn)品發(fā)布的接受者沒有被考慮為相關(guān)方,則BP7的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.12] If product release deadlines or milestones are not reflected in schedules (consider also consistency across different schedules), the indicator BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果產(chǎn)品發(fā)布的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或里程碑沒有在Schedule中考慮,則BP8的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.13] If the scope of the current and next release is not identified in detail (features and/or functions per release), the indicators BP7 and BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果當(dāng)前發(fā)布及下一次發(fā)布的范圍沒有被詳細(xì)識(shí)別(每次發(fā)布的功能點(diǎn)),則BP7和BP8的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.14] If the mid and long-term planning of the releases does not at least cover a latest release/milestone for features and/or functions, the indicators BP7 and BP8 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀:如果中期計(jì)劃或長(zhǎng)期計(jì)劃中沒有覆蓋到當(dāng)前發(fā)布或里程碑,則BP7和BP8的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.15] If for the current and next release not all the expected activities are planned and tracked (without a good reason), the indicators BP4, BP7 and BP8 shall not be rated higher than L. If less than 50% of the expected activities are planned, BP4, BP7, BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀:如果當(dāng)前發(fā)布及下一次發(fā)布中的所有活動(dòng)沒有被完全策劃(且沒有合適理由),則BP4, BP7和BP8的打分不能高于L;如果少于50%的活動(dòng)沒有策劃,則BP4, BP7和BP8的打分不能高于P。
(9) 一致性
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP9: 確保一致性 / Ensure consistency
確保項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃的各部分之間的一致性,包括:項(xiàng)目估計(jì)、人員技能、活動(dòng)、日程安排、相關(guān)方之間的接口和承諾。
Ensure that estimates, skills, activities, schedules, plans, interfaces, and commitments for the project are consistent across affected parties
[MAN.3.RC.14] If links between different types of planning information are not supported by tools, this should not be used to downrate the indicator BP9.
老楊解讀:如果項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃相關(guān)的不同類型的信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性不是依賴于工具,則不能基于此降低BP9的打分。
[MAN.3.RL.15] If the correlation between different plans or between estimates and plans is too high level or weak, the indicator BP9 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃相關(guān)的不同類型的信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性的層次太高,則應(yīng)降低BP9的打分。
(10) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
ASPICE模型要求
MAN.3.BP3: 評(píng)估項(xiàng)目的可行性 / Evaluate feasibility of the project
在時(shí)間、項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和可用資源范圍內(nèi),在技術(shù)限制的范圍內(nèi),評(píng)估實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的可行性。
Evaluate the feasibility of achieving the goals of the project in terms of technical feasibility within constraints with respect to time, project estimates, and available resources.
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界,定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP6: 確保所需的技能,知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn) / Ensure required skills, knowledge, and experience
根據(jù)估計(jì),確定項(xiàng)目所需的技能、知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),并確保選定的個(gè)人和團(tuán)隊(duì)及時(shí)具備這些技能和知識(shí)。
Identify the required skills, knowledge, and experience for the project in line with the estimates and make sure the selected individuals and teams either have or acquire these in time.
[MAN.3.RC.15] If risks regarding feasibility are not considered, the indicator BP3 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果未考慮與項(xiàng)目可行性相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),則應(yīng)降低BP3的打分。
[MAN.3.RC.16] If risks regarding estimates or resources are not considered, the indicator BP5 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果未考慮與工作量估計(jì)及資源相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),則應(yīng)降低BP5的打分。
[MAN.3.RC.17] If risks regarding skills or knowledge are not considered, the indicator BP6 should be downrated.
老楊解讀:如果未考慮人員技能和知識(shí)相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),則應(yīng)降低BP6的打分。
工作筆記 aspice基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
最近給某OEM做了一次Automotive SPICE CL2評(píng)估,很多朋友就問我關(guān)于Automotive SPICE評(píng)估的一些事情。本文算是一個(gè)科普吧,給不太了解Automotive SPICE的人介紹一下Automotive SPICE和Automotive SPICE評(píng)估的事情。
1. Automotive SPICE
1.1? 什么是Automotive SPICE?
Automotive SPICE是一個(gè)”過程模型”,適用于”基于軟件的車載系統(tǒng)”的”設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)過程”。過程模型是一個(gè)集合,是包含了與設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)過程相關(guān)的優(yōu)秀實(shí)踐的集合。既然是一個(gè)集合,那就需要按照一定的結(jié)構(gòu)把這些實(shí)踐組織起來:
方式一:按照實(shí)踐所屬的不同領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行組織,比如有些實(shí)踐是和項(xiàng)目管理相關(guān)的,有些實(shí)踐是和軟件需求相關(guān)的,有些實(shí)踐是和軟件單元測(cè)試相關(guān)的….,不同的領(lǐng)域被稱為“過程”,這就是Automotive SPICE中的“過程緯度”。Automotive SPICE PAM V3.1中包括有32個(gè)過程。
方式二:按照做事情的方式進(jìn)行組織,比如:依靠個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來做,是能力度級(jí)別1(CL 1)的實(shí)踐;按照可管理的方式(活動(dòng)管理和工作產(chǎn)品管理)來做,是能力度級(jí)別2(CL 2)的實(shí)踐;按照組織的要求來做,是能力度級(jí)別3(CL 3)的實(shí)踐….,這就是Automotive SPICE中的”能力度緯度”。
“能力度”是“過程的能力度”。如果說“某個(gè)項(xiàng)目達(dá)到了能力度2級(jí)”,是不準(zhǔn)確的,應(yīng)該說“某個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的某些過程達(dá)到了能力度2級(jí)”。同樣的,如果說某個(gè)組織達(dá)到了能力度2級(jí),也是不準(zhǔn)確的。
下圖是常見的體現(xiàn)評(píng)估結(jié)果的形式,評(píng)估范圍內(nèi)的過程,分別達(dá)到了什么樣的過程能力度。
1.2 怎么用Automotive SPICE?
Automotive SPICE是歐洲車廠在認(rèn)識(shí)到軟件質(zhì)量的重要性之后,制定的一個(gè)規(guī)范。目的是希望其供應(yīng)商能按照Automotive SPICE的要求進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā),以提供高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品。
Automotive SPICE中包括有那么多的過程,那么OEM對(duì)供應(yīng)商的具體要求是什么呢?要求供應(yīng)商需要應(yīng)用哪些過程,這些過程需要達(dá)到幾級(jí)呢?
一般來說,OEM不會(huì)要求供應(yīng)商去遵守Automotive SPICE的所有過程的,為什么呢?
性價(jià)比!
實(shí)施Automotive SPICE的成本,評(píng)估的成本,最后都是產(chǎn)品成本,OEM是需要買單的。
所以O(shè)EM會(huì)基于其對(duì)軟件質(zhì)量的理解,選擇最重要的過程來要求其供應(yīng)商。
起初的時(shí)候,不同的OEM有不同的使用Automotive SPICE的觀點(diǎn),形成氣候的,如下圖所示:
說明:
HIS是Audi AG, BMW, DaimlerChrysler, Porsche, Volkswagen成立的制定軟件開發(fā)規(guī)則的組織
如上的過程劃分,是基于Automotive SPICE PAM V2.4/V2.5
逐漸的,各OEM的要求開始統(tǒng)一,目前逐漸形成了如下兩類:
說明:
2016年HIS組織解散了,VDA QMC(Automotive SPICE PAM V2.5及其以后版本的Owner)在2017年Automotive SPICE PAM V3.0發(fā)布時(shí),將之前在業(yè)界應(yīng)用非常廣泛的HIS Scope,改名定義為VDA Scope
如上的過程劃分,是基于Automotive SPICE PAM V3.0/V3.1
各個(gè)與汽車軟件相關(guān)的供應(yīng)商在應(yīng)用Automotive SPICE時(shí),往往最終都是為了滿足OEM的要求,其應(yīng)用Automotive SPICE的過程范圍及目標(biāo)級(jí)別,遵照其所服務(wù)的OEM的要求。
2. Automotive SPICE評(píng)估
接下來我們談一談Automotive SPICE評(píng)估,在談Automotive SPICE評(píng)估之前,需要先談一談與Automotive SPICE相關(guān)的組織。
2.1 Automotive SPICE相關(guān)的組織
在Automotive SPICE領(lǐng)域,沒有機(jī)構(gòu)去管理“評(píng)估”,只是有機(jī)構(gòu)去管理“評(píng)估師”。這個(gè)管理評(píng)估師的機(jī)構(gòu)就是iNTACS(國(guó)際評(píng)估師認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu),INTernational Assessor Certification Scheme)。iNTACS定義了評(píng)估師的級(jí)別劃分,以及級(jí)別晉升和級(jí)別維持的條件。Automotive SPICE評(píng)估師的級(jí)別從低到高分別為:Provisional Assessor, Competent Assessor, Principal Assessor。
晉升到competent Assessor或Principal Assessor,或維持competent Assessor或Principal Assessor資質(zhì)時(shí),其條件之一就是需要實(shí)施Automotive SPICE評(píng)估:
作為Assessor晉升證據(jù)(或維持資質(zhì)的證據(jù))的評(píng)估要求包括:
評(píng)估由至少2個(gè)評(píng)估師來實(shí)施,評(píng)估組組長(zhǎng)需要Competent Assessor或Principal Assessor,評(píng)估組組員可以是Provisional Assessor或Competent Assessor或Principal Assessor
評(píng)估的過程范圍至少包括項(xiàng)目管理相關(guān)的過程、支持類相關(guān)的過程和工程類相關(guān)的過程
評(píng)估的時(shí)間需要至少50小時(shí)
2.2 Automotive SPICE評(píng)估的類型
在1次Automotive SPICE評(píng)估時(shí),Automotive SPICE相當(dāng)于評(píng)估的準(zhǔn)則(Criteria),而還需要有評(píng)估方法,根據(jù)所選擇的評(píng)估方法不同,Automotive SPICE評(píng)估分為兩種類型,一種是項(xiàng)目能力度評(píng)估,一種是組織成熟度評(píng)估。
項(xiàng)目能力度評(píng)估
遵照ISO/IEC 15504-2 Performing an assessment實(shí)施的評(píng)估,是項(xiàng)目能力度評(píng)估。在這類評(píng)估中,是由Sponsor(發(fā)起評(píng)估的人)確定評(píng)估的模型范圍(選擇哪些過程,這些過程需要評(píng)估到幾級(jí))、項(xiàng)目范圍(評(píng)估哪個(gè)項(xiàng)目),而Assessor是根據(jù)Sponsor的要求實(shí)施評(píng)估。
(企業(yè)想評(píng)價(jià)哪個(gè)項(xiàng)目,評(píng)價(jià)哪個(gè)過程,評(píng)價(jià)到幾級(jí),不是Assessor決定的?。?/p>
組織成熟度評(píng)估
ISO/IEC 15504-7 TR Assessment of organizational maturity定義的是組織成熟度評(píng)估的評(píng)估方法,在組織成熟度評(píng)估時(shí):Sponsor確定被評(píng)估的組織,以及目標(biāo)級(jí)別;由Assessor根據(jù)對(duì)被評(píng)估組織進(jìn)行分析,之后進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目抽樣(使得被抽樣的項(xiàng)目能代表整個(gè)組織的水平),然后通過對(duì)被抽樣項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行預(yù)定義過程的評(píng)估,進(jìn)而得出組織的過程成熟度水平。
簡(jiǎn)單來說:在組織成熟度評(píng)估時(shí),是由Assessor確定被評(píng)估的項(xiàng)目,而過程范圍也是需要預(yù)定義的(應(yīng)該由Automotive SPICE的Owner來定義,詳細(xì)的原因,這里不再贅述,讀者可以思考思考~~)
組織成熟度評(píng)估在業(yè)界很少被用到,主要的原因是OEM不太認(rèn)可組織成熟度評(píng)估的方式。我分析有兩個(gè)原因:
OEM更關(guān)注的是供應(yīng)商為其開發(fā)的項(xiàng)目的情況如何,而不關(guān)注供應(yīng)商的組織
Automotive SPICE的業(yè)界大咖們不希望Automotive SPICE因?yàn)榻M織成熟度的評(píng)估方式而商業(yè)化(Automotive SPICE還是很高冷的,不像CMMI那么商業(yè)化)
基于如上原因ISO/IEC 15504-7在2008年發(fā)布之后,至今也還是TR,始終不是一個(gè)正式的ISO標(biāo)準(zhǔn),本文后續(xù)的描述,不再討論組織成熟度評(píng)估。
注:此處的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號(hào)都是15504,15504系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正在被330XX標(biāo)準(zhǔn)所替代。
2.3 被認(rèn)可的Automotive SPICE評(píng)估
什么樣的Automotive SPICE評(píng)估才是正式的評(píng)估,或者說是被認(rèn)可的評(píng)估呢?
經(jīng)常經(jīng)常有人問我這個(gè)問題,但這個(gè)問題的題干是不完全的。
是被誰認(rèn)可的評(píng)估呢?
舉個(gè)例子:如果需要OEM A認(rèn)可的評(píng)估,那么這個(gè)認(rèn)可的條件就需要OEM A來定義。OEM A可以指定某個(gè)專業(yè)的軟件過程專家(該專家可能不具備任何Automotive SPICE的Assessor資質(zhì)),然后只要是該專家實(shí)施的評(píng)估,OEM A都認(rèn)可。
所以說,這個(gè)問題不能問我,你應(yīng)該去問那個(gè)“誰”
這么分析問題,有點(diǎn)杠精的行為了~~
正式的評(píng)估或者被認(rèn)可的評(píng)估,在Automotive SPICE領(lǐng)域引申是指“可以做為Assessor資質(zhì)維持或資質(zhì)晉升的證據(jù)的評(píng)估”,那這樣的評(píng)估需要滿足什么條件呢?這個(gè)答案就是在前文(2.1節(jié))中的闡述。
只要滿足2.1節(jié)所闡述的條件的評(píng)估,就可以認(rèn)為是一個(gè)正式的評(píng)估和受認(rèn)可的評(píng)估。與實(shí)施評(píng)估的組織是無關(guān)的哦~~,對(duì)嗎?
2.4 Automotive SPICE評(píng)估結(jié)果的有效性和有效期
Automotive SPICE評(píng)估是在某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),對(duì)某個(gè)項(xiàng)目中已經(jīng)實(shí)施的過程的能力度進(jìn)行的評(píng)估,評(píng)估結(jié)果是代表了歷史上的某個(gè)項(xiàng)目,在歷史上的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)的過程能力情況。
評(píng)估結(jié)果只是對(duì)被評(píng)估項(xiàng)目有效,對(duì)其它項(xiàng)目是無效的。
在VDA Guideline中,增加了12個(gè)月有效期的說法:在被評(píng)估項(xiàng)目中,如果沒有發(fā)生變更,則可以認(rèn)為評(píng)估結(jié)果在12個(gè)月之內(nèi)是有效的(這個(gè)有效是對(duì)同一個(gè)被評(píng)估項(xiàng)目來說的);這里的變更是指過程的變更,包括:開發(fā)地點(diǎn)的變更、團(tuán)隊(duì)組織結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整、人員的更替、開發(fā)過程的調(diào)整等。
雖然某一次Automotive SPICE評(píng)估結(jié)果只是對(duì)被評(píng)估的項(xiàng)目有效,對(duì)其它的項(xiàng)目無效。但該次評(píng)估結(jié)果也往往還是可以在一定程度上反映其它項(xiàng)目的過程能力,特別是當(dāng)其它項(xiàng)目與被評(píng)估項(xiàng)目在項(xiàng)目特征上一致時(shí)。
1)比如:某個(gè)OEM在考察供應(yīng)商時(shí),供應(yīng)商展示了3個(gè)月之前實(shí)施的一次Automotive SPICE評(píng)估結(jié)果,則OEM可能會(huì)認(rèn)為:“既然是在這么短的時(shí)間之前做的評(píng)估,那么該評(píng)估結(jié)果能代表企業(yè)目前的能力”(接受)。如果供應(yīng)商展示了10年之前實(shí)施的一次Automotive SPICE評(píng)估結(jié)果,則OEM可能會(huì)認(rèn)為:“這是太久之前的一次評(píng)估,很難代表企業(yè)現(xiàn)在的能力”(不接受)。3個(gè)月的時(shí)間可以接受,10年的時(shí)間不可以接受,那么中間的臨界時(shí)間點(diǎn)在哪里呢?沒有答案哦~~
2)不同的Automotive SPICE能力度級(jí)別也會(huì)對(duì)評(píng)估結(jié)果的有效性產(chǎn)生影響。
Automotive SPICE能力度二級(jí)時(shí),具備相同項(xiàng)目特征的項(xiàng)目之間,其項(xiàng)目過程可以是不一致的;Automotive SPICE能力度三級(jí)時(shí),具備相同項(xiàng)目特征的項(xiàng)目之間,其項(xiàng)目過程是一致的,都是遵照了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的組織過程。基于此,企業(yè)的某個(gè)項(xiàng)目的某些過程如果達(dá)成了Automotive SPICE能力度三級(jí),則客戶可能會(huì)相信其它項(xiàng)目的過程能力也是如此的。
2.5 評(píng)估通過證書
當(dāng)?shù)谌綑C(jī)構(gòu)在為某企業(yè)實(shí)施了Automotive SPICE評(píng)估之后,如果評(píng)估范圍內(nèi)的過程都達(dá)到了目標(biāo)級(jí)別,則第三方機(jī)構(gòu)會(huì)應(yīng)被評(píng)估組織的要求,發(fā)一個(gè)通過Automotive SPICE評(píng)估的證書。
注:評(píng)估通過證書不是Automotive SPICE評(píng)估所要求的。是被評(píng)估組織為了其Marketing及Business目的,而要求評(píng)估機(jī)構(gòu)頒發(fā)的。
Automotive SPICE評(píng)估通過證書是Automotive SPICE評(píng)估結(jié)果的Summary,雖然不同的第三方機(jī)構(gòu),頒發(fā)證書的格式和內(nèi)容都不盡相同,但為了能客觀全面的反映評(píng)估結(jié)果,一般需要包括如下信息:
被評(píng)估的組織及部門(是對(duì)某個(gè)部門下的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行的評(píng)估,項(xiàng)目所在的具體部門信息需要體現(xiàn)出來)
評(píng)估所遵照的Automotive SPICE模型信息,目標(biāo)級(jí)別
評(píng)估方法
評(píng)估的項(xiàng)目名稱,及評(píng)估的過程范圍,評(píng)估日期
實(shí)施評(píng)估的組織
評(píng)估組組長(zhǎng)信息及簽名
ASPICE 汽車軟件過程改進(jìn)及能力評(píng)定
ASPICE:Automotive Software Process Improvement and Capacity Determination
汽車軟件過程改進(jìn)及能力評(píng)定,汽車行業(yè)評(píng)價(jià)軟件開發(fā)團(tuán)隊(duì)的研發(fā)能力水平模型
由歐盟多家主要汽車制造商共同制定,2005年發(fā)布
CMM:最初基于CMM Capability Maturity Model
ISO:國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織ISO、國(guó)際電工委員會(huì)IEC、信息技術(shù)委員會(huì)JTC1聯(lián)合制定并發(fā)布了國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)ISO/IEC15504,又稱SPICE,包含汽車行業(yè)SPICE、醫(yī)療設(shè)備行業(yè)、航天行業(yè)
ASPICE:從ISO拆分出來,由德國(guó)汽車工業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)(VDA)的質(zhì)量管理中心(QMC)運(yùn)營(yíng)發(fā)展
CMM和SPICE:CMM可以針對(duì)項(xiàng)目的某個(gè)領(lǐng)域、也可以面向整個(gè)項(xiàng)目或組織,可以用于評(píng)級(jí),如CMMI3,而SPICE只能用于評(píng)價(jià)項(xiàng)目中的特定過程域( Process Instance )
3個(gè)過程組別:主要生命周期過程、組織生命周期過程、支持生命周期過程
雙向可追溯性和一致性
評(píng)估、驗(yàn)證準(zhǔn)則和復(fù)合性
過程評(píng)估模型分為“過程實(shí)施指標(biāo)”和“過程能力指標(biāo)”
1.過程實(shí)施指標(biāo)——只適用于L1
又分為:基本實(shí)踐(BP 面向活動(dòng),一組任務(wù)或活動(dòng))、工作成果物(WP,面向結(jié)果)
2.過程能力指標(biāo)——適用于L2~L5
又分為:通用實(shí)踐(GP 面向活動(dòng))、通用資源(GR 面向基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)
【0級(jí)】代表一種混亂的狀態(tài)。
【1級(jí)】代表企業(yè)已經(jīng)能夠完成產(chǎn)品研發(fā)相關(guān)的工作,但缺乏管理,雖然偶爾能夠成功,但項(xiàng)目中存在大量不確定的因素,對(duì)項(xiàng)目缺乏掌控能力,無法確保一定能夠按時(shí)交付高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品
【2級(jí)】代表企業(yè)不僅能夠完成產(chǎn)品研發(fā)相關(guān)工作還能有提前制定嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和周全的工作計(jì)劃,并能有效根據(jù)計(jì)劃實(shí)施項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控和管理,各項(xiàng)目能夠有序進(jìn)行
【3級(jí)】代表不僅各項(xiàng)目能夠管理得很好,而且能夠有效的從歷史項(xiàng)目中積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn),形成公司的知識(shí)資產(chǎn)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作流程,用于對(duì)今后項(xiàng)目的參考和指導(dǎo)以及公司管理的持續(xù)改善
【4級(jí)】引入統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)和技術(shù),對(duì)項(xiàng)目相關(guān)各項(xiàng)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析,并將之運(yùn)用于未來的項(xiàng)目管理之中,達(dá)到對(duì)項(xiàng)目結(jié)果的預(yù)測(cè),并根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果對(duì)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)的調(diào)整,確保達(dá)成項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)
【5級(jí)】代表企業(yè)能夠基于商業(yè)目標(biāo)的需要,主動(dòng)的對(duì)過程進(jìn)行調(diào)整,對(duì)變革管理有很強(qiáng)的管理能力,能夠基于對(duì)過程的量化分析設(shè)定明確有效的過程改進(jìn)目標(biāo),并能對(duì)過程改進(jìn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行有效的量化監(jiān)控和分析
主要聚焦在軟件,沒有包含硬件和機(jī)械功能;其他關(guān)鍵部分可以以拆件的形式融合到ASPICE
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